Corporate expansion into palm oil and mining has turned local Orang Luar —indigenous farmers and fishers—into physical outsiders in their own ancestral lands. Groups like (Mining Advocacy Network) and the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago (AMAN) document how pollution and land grabbing displace communities. These groups argue that the state prioritizes GDP growth over the survival of traditional ecosystems, turning sustainable locals into "outsiders" in the name of progress.

These groups are defined not by geography, but by their ideological distance from the Orang Dalam (Insiders)—the political, religious, and economic elites who dictate mainstream norms.

Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, has long been a melting pot of diverse cultures, traditions, and influences. As a nation that has been shaped by various foreign powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and Japanese, Indonesian society has become a unique blend of local and international elements. The presence of foreigners, or "kumpulan orang luar" in Indonesian, has played a significant role in shaping the country's social issues and culture. This paper aims to explore the complex dynamics between foreigners and Indonesians, examining the social issues and cultural nuances that arise from their interactions.

The most pressing issue for any kumpulan orang luar is the presumption of criminality. In Indonesian media, a group of homeless people is often associated with premanisme (thuggery). In 2022, the Jakarta administration conducted "razia" (sweeps) against orang luar residents in Ciliwung River basin, confiscating their makeshift homes. The legal narrative frames them as disruptors of public order, ignoring the structural poverty that forced them there.